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Osmanlı devletinin zayıflaması birçok düşman ülkenin iştahını kabartmıştır.

Amerika kıtasına gelen Avrupalılar Amerikan yerlilerin soylarını yok ettikten sonra hedef olarak Avrupa’da ki Osmanlıyı seçmişlerdir.

Zayıflayan Osmanlı idaresi yerine önce Osmanlının tebasından yöneticiler bölgesel yönetimler oluşturmuşlardır.

Kuzey Afrika Osmanlının en son hakim olduğu bölgedir ve Osmanlının hakimiyetinden ilk çıkan bölgedir.

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Amerikalılar o dönemde büyüyen fakat kontrolu kaybeden hedeflerindeki Osmanlıya SEMİZ ÖRDEK tanımı kullanmaya başlamışlardır.

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Amerikan deniz kuvvetleri  Akdenize gelir ve Akdenizdeki Karamanlı hanedanlığı bu deniz gücünü esir alır..

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Amerika bu gücü esaretten kurtarmak için tarihinde ilk defa vergiye tabi olmak zorunda kalır….

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 İlginçtir ki daha sonraki dönemlerde hedeflerine ulaşırlar ve Osmanlı silah ihtiyacının büyük kısmını Amerika’dan yapar.

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1492 Amerika Kıtası’nın Avrupalılar tarafından keşfinden sonra İspanyollar, Portekizliler, Fransızlar ve İngilizler, buradaki yerli halkların aleyhine(yerli halkları katlederek-genosid) toprak sahibi oldular. Avrupalılar, Amerika’daki topraklarını genişlettikten sonra, İngiltere başta olmak üzere çeşitli ülkelerden göçmenler alıp buralara yerleştirerek koloniler kurdular.

18. yüzyıl ortalarında, bu kolonilerin sayısı 13’e yükseldi ve bu Onüç Koloni, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin temelini oluşturdu.

Amerika Kıtası, insanlar için yeni olanaklar ve yeni bir hayat sağladı. Daha sonra, bu koloni sistemi sömürgecilik politikasına dönüştü. İngiliz kolonileri, Birleşik Krallık’a endüstri konusunda hizmet ediyordu. İngilizler kolonilerden vergi alıyordu. Koloniler zaman içinde İngiliz devletinden farklı bir kimlik geliştirmeye başladı. Nüfus hızla büyüyor, tarıma dayalı ekonomi gelişiyor, iş adamları ticari ataklarda bulunuyordu. Dinsel yapıda da farklılık vardı. Avrupa’dan gelenler tutucu bir protestanlık geliştirmişti.

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1711 Karamanlı Hanedanı 1711-1835 Amerika’yı vergiye bağlıyan dünyanın tek ülkesi kuruluyor.

Karamanlı Haedanı bölgedeki güçleri birleştiriyor.

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1776 Amerikanın resmi kuruluşu

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birleşik_Devletleri.

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1785’te, ABD bandıralı Boston Limanı’na bağlı Kaptan Isaac Stevens’in idaresindeki Maria ve Philadelphia Limanı’na bağlı Kaptan O’Brien idaresindeki Dauphin ele geçiriliyor ve Kaptanlar esir ediliyor.

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1787’ de ise 100 kadar Amerikalı denizcisini kurtarmak için 4000 dolar fidye vermek zorunda kalıyor.

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1794 Ekim’inde 11 ABD gemisi,119 kişilik mürettebatla esir alınması izliyor.

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1801-1805 1.amerikan türk savaşı; yıllarında eyalet ile ABD arasında (Birinci Berberi Savaşı)Karamanlı-Amerian savaşı gerçekleşmiştir.

Karamanlı Hanedanı, 1711 yılında Karamanlı Ahmed Paşa tarafından kurulup, 1835’e kadar hüküm süren hanedandır.  Hanedana mensup son Trablusgarp yöneticisi II. Ali Paşa’dır. Hanedanın kurucusu olan Karamanlı Ahmed Paşa Türk asıllı  bir kuloğlu askeri olup, soyunun Karaman’a bağlı Ermenek’e dayandığı söylenmektedir.

“Dili Türkçe olan 22 maddelik bir anlaşmayla yabanci bir devlete vergi ödemeyi kabul eden tek Amerikan belgesi”.

Türklerden “semiz ördek” diye bahseden Amerikalı Kaptanlar sayesinde Osmanlı yıllık 80 bin dolar vergi kazanıyor.

http://turkbilimi.com/?p=4388

Decatur ilk post-Devrimci savaş kahramanı olarak ABD’ye döndü (hem yenilen hemde savaş kahramanı olan asker….bu çok önemli bir hadisedir, bu Amerikanın savaş siyasetine çok iyi örnektir ” askerler her zaman değerlidir, hiçbir zaman suçlu ilan edilmezler, yasası”)

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1805’de Garp Ocakları ve ABD arasında bir antlaşma imzalanmıştır. Bu antlaşma ile savaş sona ermiştir.

III. Selim (Osmanlı Türkçesi: Selim-i salis) (24 Aralık 1761 – 28 Temmuz 1808), 28. Osmanlı padişahı ve 107. İslam halifesidir.

http://turkbilimi.com/?p=4388

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The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War or the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two wars fought between the United States and the Northwest African Berber Muslim states known collectively as the Barbary States. These were the Ottoman provinces of Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis, which were enjoying a large autonomy, as well as the independent Sultanate of Morocco. The war was fought because U.S. President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay the high tributes demanded by the Barbary states and because they were seizing American merchant ships and enslaving the crews for high ransoms. It was the first declared war the United States fought on foreign land and seas.

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1815 ikinci amerikan türk savaşı; 1815 te ikinci Karamanlı-Amerikan savaşı gerçekleşiyor.

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The Second Barbary War (1815), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire’s North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria, known collectively as the Barbary states. The war between the Barbary states and the U.S. ended in 1815; the international dispute would effectively be ended the following year by Great Britain and the Netherlands. The war brought an end to the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states and helped mark the beginning of the end of piracy in that region, which had been rampant in the days of Ottoman domination (16th–18th centuries). Within decades, European powers built ever more sophisticated and expensive ships which the Barbary pirates could not match in numbers or technology.

http://turkbilimi.com/?p=4388

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War

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1840’lardan itibaren Osmanlı ordusunda büyük ölçüde Amerikan silahları kullanılıyordu. Hatta Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in ilk iktidar yıllarında, iki ülke arasındaki toplam ticaretin % 90’ını Amerikan silah ve malzeme satışı oluşturmaktaydı.

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1877 ABD’nin 1877’de Osmanlı Devleti’ne silah ihracatı 1.000.000 Osmanlı Lirası.

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1883’de ABD’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne silah ihracatı % 800 bir düşüşle 138.500 Osmanlı Lirasına inmiştir.

Mehmet BEŞİRLİ – Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi FenEdebiyat Fakültesi

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The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War or the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two wars fought between the United States and the Northwest African Berber Muslim states known collectively as the Barbary States. These were the Ottoman provinces of Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis, which were enjoying a large autonomy, as well as the independent Sultanate of Morocco. The war was fought because U.S. President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay the high tributes demanded by the Barbary states and because they were seizing American merchant ships and enslaving the crews for high ransoms. It was the first declared war the United States fought on foreign land and seas.

“Immediately prior to Jefferson’s inauguration in 1801, Congress passed naval legislation that, among other things, provided for six frigates that ‘shall be officered and manned as the President of the United States may direct.’ … In the event of a declaration of war on the United States by the Barbary powers, these ships were to ‘protect our commerce & chastise their insolence—by sinking, burning or destroying their ships & Vessels wherever you shall find them.’” On Jefferson’s inauguration as president in 1801, Yusuf Karamanli, the Pasha (or Bashaw) of Tripoli, demanded $225,000 from the new administration. (In 1800, Federal revenues totaled a little over $10 million.) Putting his long-held beliefs into practice, Jefferson refused the demand. Consequently, on 10 May 1801, the Pasha declared war on the U.S., not through any formal written documents but in the customary Barbary manner of cutting down the flagstaff in front of the U.S. Consulate. Algiers and Tunis did not follow their ally in Tripoli.

In response, “Jefferson sent a small force to the area to protect American ships and citizens against potential aggression, but insisted that he was ‘unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense.’” He told Congress: “I communicate [to you] all material information on this subject, that in the exercise of this important function confided by the Constitution to the Legislature exclusively their judgment may form itself on a knowledge and consideration of every circumstance of weight.” Although Congress never voted on a formal declaration of war, they did authorize the President to instruct the commanders of armed American vessels to seize all vessels and goods of the Pasha of Tripoli “and also to cause to be done all such other acts of precaution or hostility as the state of war will justify.” The American squadron joined a Swedish flotilla under Rudolf Cederström in blockading Tripoli, the Swedes having been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800.

Declaration of war and naval blockade-Enterprise capturing Tripoli

On 31 May 1801, Commodore Edward Preble traveled to Messina, Sicily to the court of King Ferdinand IV of the Kingdom of Naples. He sought help and found a good ally. The Kingdom was at war with Napoleon, but Ferdinand supplied the Americans with manpower, craftsmen, supplies, gunboats, mortar boats, and the ports of Messina, Syracuse and Palermo to be used as a naval base to launch operations against Tripoli, a port walled fortress city protected by 150 pieces of heavy artillery manned by 25,000 soldiers, assisted by a fleet of 10 ten-gunned brigs, two eight-gun schooners, two large galleys, and 19 gunboats.

The schooner Enterprise (commanded by Lieutenant Andrew Sterret) defeated the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair Tripoli after a fierce but one-sided battle on 1 August 1801.

In 1802, in response to Jefferson’s request for authority to deal with the pirates, Congress passed “An act for the Protection of Commerce and seamen of the United States against the Tripolitan cruisers”, authorizing the President to “…employ such of the armed vessels of the United States as may be judged requisite… for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas. “The statute authorized American ships to seize vessels belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, with the captured property distributed to those who brought the vessels into port.”

The U.S Navy went unchallenged on the sea, but still the question remained undecided. Jefferson pressed the issue the following year, with an increase in military force and deployment of many of the Navy’s best ships to the region throughout 1802. Argus, Chesapeake, Constellation, Constitution, Enterprise, Intrepid, Philadelphia and Syren all saw service during the war under the overall command of Commodore Edward Preble. Throughout 1803, Preble set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the cities’ fleets.

1815 ikinci amerikan türk savaşı;

The Second Barbary War (1815), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire’s North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria, known collectively as the Barbary states. The war between the Barbary states and the U.S. ended in 1815; the international dispute would effectively be ended the following year by Great Britain and the Netherlands. The war brought an end to the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states and helped mark the beginning of the end of piracy in that region, which had been rampant in the days of Ottoman domination (16th–18th centuries). Within decades, European powers built ever more sophisticated and expensive ships which the Barbary pirates could not match in numbers or technology.

http://turkbilimi.com/?p=4388 Karamanlı Hanedanı 1711-1835 Amerika’yı vergiye bağlıyan dünyanın tek ülkesi.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War